Scholarly work in the Department of Microbiology

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Non-plasmid mediated multi-drug resistance in Vibrio and Aeromanas spp. isolated from seafoods in Lagos.
(Internet Journal of Food Safety, 2010) Agbaje-Daniels Folashade; Adeleye Isaac Adeyemi; Nwanze R.O.; Eyinnia V.A.; Smith S.I.; Fowora M.A.; Goodluck H.A.
Fifty seafood samples comprising of shrimps, crabs and cuttlefish collected from fishing companies in Lagos between September 2007 and May 2008, were cultured on TCBS agar after enrichment in APW. Using API 20E system and complementary biochemical test, 83 VIbrio species and 3 Aeromonas hydrophila were identified from the samples. The Vibrio species encountered comprised of V. cholerae (3) V. parahaemolyticus (5) V. mimicus (16) V. alginolyticus (37) and V. harveyi (12), V. vulnificus (10) and Aeromonas hydrophila (3). Antimicrobial susceptibility carried out using standard procedures revealed that all the 86(100%) isolates were resistant to,Augmentin, Chloramphenicol and Amoxicillin (Amx-Au -Chl). Ten(11.6%) of the isolates had multiple resistance to all the 10 antibiotics tested: Gentamycin, Nitrofuratoin, Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Amoxicillin, Ofloxacin, Cotrimoxazole, Augmentin, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriazone (Amx-Aug-Chl-Nit-Cip-Tet-Ofl-Gen-Cot-Cro).Plasmid characterization revealed that only four (4.7%) of the Eighty-six isolates haboured plasmid DNA. These were two strains of V. alginolyticus with plasmids of molecular weight of 25.0 Kbp and 9.416 Kbp each and two strains of V. mimicus with plasmids of molecular weight 4.361 Kbp each.None of the Aeromonas specie haboured plasmids. This shows that antibiotic resistance in Vibrio and Aeromonas species in this environment is not plasmid mediated. keywords:
Characterization And Pathogenicity Of Vibrio Spp. Contaminating Seafoods In Lagos, Nigeria.
(Internet Journal of Food Safety,, 2010) Agbaje-Daniels Folashade; Adeleye Isaac Adeyemi; Enyinnia V. A
Twenty-five seafood samples (shrimps, crabs and cuttle fish) collected from seven Fishing Companies and some local fishermen in Lagos, Nigeria, were examined for the presence of Vibrio species. A total of 44 vibrios belonging to five different species were isolated. The most predominant species was Vibrio alginolyticus (31.8%), followed by V. harveyi (27.3%), V. mimicus (22.7%), V. parahaemolyticus (11.4) and V. cholerae (6.8%). All the strains of V. mimicus, V. parahaemolyticus and V. cholerae and some strains of V. alginolyticus and V. harveyi lysed human red blood cells. None of the isolates tested elicited fluid accumulation in the experimental mice. However, histology sections showed that V. parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae, two strains of V. mimicus, one strain each of V. alginolyticus and V. harveyi caused erosion of the epithelial linings of the intestines of the experimental mice. This indicates that the organisms can cause infections in humans by invasion of the epithelial linings of the intestine.
Characterization of Volatile Components of Epa-Ijebu: A Native Wonder Cure Recipe
(Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2011) Agbaje-Daniels Folashade; Adeleye Isaac Adeyemi; Omadime M.
Essential oils and volatile compound from Epa-Ijebu, a native cure-all concoction was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed using Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) in an attempt to determine the major constituents that could be responsible for the acclaimed curative ability of this concoction over diverse illnesses. Twelve major organic compounds were identified of which Fatty acids were most prevalent (35.52%). This was followed by normal alkanes such as nonadecene, hexadecane, heptadecane, octadecane and heneicosane (constituting 26.5%),2-p-nitrophenyl-oxadiazol-1,3,4-one-5 (18.18%), Quinoline (5.96%), Benzothiazole (4.87%) , Alcohol (2.48%) and other compounds in traces. The prevalence of fatty acid extracts as well as quinoline, benzothiazole and alchohol may be responsible for the anti-bacterial and antifungal as well as other curative ability of this local concoction.
Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil and Extracts of Gongronema latifolium Decne on Bacterial Isolates from Blood Stream of HIV Infected Patients
(Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2011) Agbaje-Daniels Folashade; Adeleye Isaac Adeyemi; Omadime M.
The essential oil as well as aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Gongronema latifolium leaves was evaluated for antimicrobial activity against bacteria isolated from blood streams of HIV patients in Lagos. Using agar diffusion method, the essential oil and the extracts showed moderate inhibitory activity against all the Stphylococcus sp., Escherichia coli, Shigella sp., Salmonella sp., Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Onchrobactrum anthropi and Candida albicans. The zones of inhibition values recorded were comparable to control antibiotic ampicillin but less than that of Ciprofloxacin and Chloramphenicol. The MIC for essential oil ranged between 5-40 μg mL-1, while MBC also ranged between 5-40 μg mL-1, the MIC and MBC for ethanol extract ranged between 3.125-12.5 mg mL-1 and 3.125-25.0 mg mL-1, while aqueous extract MIC range between 6.25-25.0 mg mL-1 and MBC also ranged between 6.25-25.0 mg mL-1, respectively. Extracts of Gongronema latifolium may be useful in ethnomedicine and in the treatment of blood stream infections in HIV patients. Essential oil from Gongronema latifolium leaves (Endl.) Decne was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS). The oil was dominated by linear aliphatic compounds (27.06%),unsaturated fatty acids which was characterized by high percentage of Phthalic acid (18.61%), oleic acids (5.2%), arachidic acid (2.34%) and fumaric acid (2.22%). Monoterpenes including camphor, β-Cymene and phytol.
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Africa: The Role of an Ethno-botanist (Part 1)
(International Organization of Scientific Research Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 2013) Faboyede Adekemi Omolayo; Sosanya Olufemi; Simpson Alaba
There are eight main MDGs and many stake holders in various countries have contributed to achieving some of these goals. Achieving the MDGs does not depend on economic growth and expensive solutions alone. Man himself has the solution very close to his bosom if he can make maximum use of what nature provides for him. Ethno-botany is an integral part of indigenous/local knowledge of a particular society. The ethno-botanicals accessed from forest areas not only provide a substantial amount of food security to the women but also play a significant role in securing the household economy. Women have developed local provisions of insurance of livelihoods for local communities, ethno-medicine for family health, growing of staple food crops, exploration of plant based innovations for food and biodiversity conservation. However, tens of thousands of plant species are at risk of being extinct, including plants used for food and nutrition, medicine, cultural and spiritual purposes, and the maintenance of livelihoods. These are needed to alleviate poverty, provide food security and ensure sustainable development in many nations. This paper focuses on the roles of an ethno-botanist in achieving some of the MDGs in Africa.
The Abundance and Biting Patterns of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Culicidae) in the Coastal Region of Nigeria
(International Scholarly Research Notices Zoology, 2013) Okonofua Christiana; Uttah Emmanuel C.; Wokem Gloria N.
This study was aimed at determining the abundance and biting patterns of Culex quinquefasciatus in the coastal region of Nigeria. Collections were done by human landing catch and by CDC miniature light traps from September 2005 to August 2006. A total of 3798 C. quinquefasciatus females were collected. The highest number of females was caught in the month of August and it represented nearly a quarter (24.0%) of the total females collected. In all, 38.8% of females dissected were parous.The abundance of C. quinquefasciatus followed the pattern of rainfall with the population starting to expand at the onset of the rains.The highest increase was found after the temperature had peaked. The mean of biting was 3.2 times more in the rainy season than in the dry season, whereas the transmission potential was higher in the dry season. C. quinquefasciatus is presently regarded as a biting nuisance having no significant epidemiological importance yet. Efforts at its control should be intensified before it is too late.
Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activities of the Root Bark Extracts of Hippocratea africana (Willd.) Loes. ex Engl
(European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 2017) Agbaje-Daniels Folashade; Folawewo Abayomi David; Madu Alexander Nnamdi; Faboyede Adekemi Omolayo; Coker A. R.
The root of Hippocratea africana (Celastraceae) is used in ethnomedicine in South-Western Nigeria to treat infectious and parasitic diseases. This study aimed at identifying the compound(s) that are responsible for the antimicrobial activities of the roots and also to contribute to the chemistry of the plant species. Investigation of the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of the nhexane and methanol root bark extracts of Hippocratea africana was carried out. These extracts were subjected to screening of preliminary phytochemical test, which showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phytosterols, phlobatanins and diterpenes. The crude methanol extract exhibited the largest zone of inhibition (16 mm in diameter with 700 mg/mL extract) against Morganella morganii and the largest zone of inhibition of the n-hexane crude extract (8 mm in diameter with 700 mg/mL) against E. coli. The methanol extract was subjected to column chromatography. Four isolates (A, B C & D) were obtained. Isolates C exhibited largest zone of inhibition (21 mm in diameter at 15 mg/mL) against Escherichia coli while isolate D exhibited the lowest zone of inhibition (3.7 mm in diameter at 15 mg/mL) against Klebsiella neumoniae.
Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Bryopsis pennata and Chaetomorpha antennina against Multidrug Resistant Morganella morganii and Salmonella species Isolated from Healthy Individuals
(Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 2017) Agbaje-Daniels Folashade; Babalola Agape; Akintayo Ifeoluwa; Adeleye Adeyemi; Beukes Denzil
The problem of antibiotic resistance is fast becoming a pandemic which has necessitated the need for new drugs discovery. This study was carried out to screen two green algal species- Bryopsis pennata and Chaetomorpha anteninna for antibacterial activity against multidrug resistant pathogenic enteric organisms (Morganella morganii and Salmonella species) obtained from healthy individuals. Algal samples were obtained and processed. Crude extraction was carried out with dichloromethane/methanol (2:1) while the antibacterial screening was done by agar-well diffusion method. Results revealed that M. morganii was 3.37% of the total isolates recovered while Salmonella species was 6.74%. Result also showed that C. antennina was active against all the strains of Salmonella species with inhibitory zones ranging from 10 mm to 17 mm and the M. morganii with inhibitory zone of 11 mm while B. pennata showed inhibitory activities against only S. pullorum and S. enterica subspecies diarizonae with inhibitory zones of 12 mm and 7 mm respectively as well as the M. morganii strain with 14 mm. The antibacterial activities observed from these green algae showed that Bryopsis pennata and Chaetomorpha antennina from the West African coast are promising in the quest for new drugs with potentials against multidrug resistant strains of bacteria and therefore should be intensely researched into.
Physico-Chemical Properties of Wastewater within Agbara and Impact on Ologe Lagoon, Lagos.
(The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 2017) Faboyede Adekemi Omolayo; Folawewo Abayomi David; Madu Alexander Nnamdi; Muyideen Olaitan Bamidele
The physico-chemical analysis of effluents from diverse factories in Agbara and the fresh water bodies receiving these effluents in Ogun State, Nigeria was carried out to establish the effect of the effluents. The study analyzed the effect of industrial effluent discharge on Ologe Lagoon. Sampling points; W3, W4, W5, W6, and W7 were effluents discharged directly from the factories located within Agbara industrial estate. Sampling points W1 to W7 were chosen along the water body before and after discharged of these effluents to reflect the contribution and the effect of the industrial and domestic effluents. The study revealed that BOD values were 13.04, 75.99, 13.04, 16.48, 14.92, 14.37 and 14.82 for sample W1, W2, W3, W4, W5, W6, and W7, respectively. Except for sample W7, all pH values were all in the basic region with conductivity ranging from 64 μs/cm to as high as 631 μs/cm. The total hardness value ranges from 1.83 to as high as 6.50 whereas the calcium hardness ranges from 0.25 to 1.63. The mean concentration of heavy metals ranges from 2.01ppm – 7.60 ppm, 0.45-1.42 ppm, and 3.0-8.0 ppm for Cu2+, Fe2+, Pb2+, Cr2+ and Zn2+ respectively. With the exception of zinc and iron, the discharge of copper exceeded the maximum permissible limit given by the Federal Environmental Protection Agency of Nigeria (FEPA) and WHO. Similarly, mean level of total suspended solids (TSS), values are 700 mg/L, 1700 mg/L, 2200 mg/L, 200 mg/L, 400 mg/L, 1600 mg/L and 900 mg/L for samples W1, W2, W3, W4, W5, W6, and W7, respectively while for total dissolved solids (TDS) the values are 50 mg/L, 70 mg/L, 40 mg/L, 830 mg/L 10 mg/L, 110 mg/L and 160 mg/L for samples W1, W2, W3, W4, W5, W6, and W7, respectively. There is need for pre-treatment to be carried out on industrial effluent before discharge into water bodies, without this, there is tendency of these pollutants to persist in the water and its uptake may cause long term health problems to living things.
Funding Of University Education in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects
(European Journal of Social Sciences Studies, 2017) Faboyede Adekemi Omolayo; Faboyede Samuel O.; Fakile Samuel A.
Higher education is the instrument par excellence for development and there is the ultimate need to make it relevant and responsive to the needs of the society. A reliable and sufficient funding platform is a necessity for achieving access to and excellence in university education in Africa. Sources and systems of funding for Nigerian Universities have proven inadequate and innovative or alternative funding mechanisms have become very important more than ever before. This paper examines the funding debacle in Public and Private Universities in Nigeria. It presents the case study of Nigeria Higher Education Foundation (NHEF). Using the secondary data research methodology, it finds that private higher education is the fastest growing segment of higher education worldwide and African universities can as well be more active in getting funds from local institutions and global philanthropic support sources. It recommends, amongst others, the putting in place of a National University educational budget reform which gives unflinching priority to allocation of more funds and that actualizing the realization of suggested intensified creative financing strategies should be the responsibility of all major stakeholders of University education in Nigeria.
Antibacterial Activities of Selected Green Seaweeds from West African Coast
(EC Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2020) Agbaje-Daniels Folashade; Adeleye Adeyemi; Nwankwo Duke; Adeniyi Bola; Seku Francis; Beukes Denzil
The continually increasing antibiotic resistance amongst microorganisms had steered up an increased intensity in the search for new drugs. The marine environment had been reported to be a great source of novel compounds with diverse biological activities and this had engendered the attention of researcher globally, but the West African Coast despite being blessed with a variety of Macro-algae remain untapped. This study was, therefore, embarked upon to investigate the antibacterial activities of selected green algal species from the West African coast. Crude extracts of Ulva fasciata, Ulva lactuca, Chladophora vagabunda, Caulepa taxifolia, Chaetomorpha antennina and Chaetomorpha linum were obtained by maceration using Dichloromethane/methanol (DCM/MeOH), chloroform/methanol (CHL/MeOH) 90% (v/v), Ethanol and Diethyl ether as solvents. Extracts were screened against some bacterial pathogens including Gram-positive bacteria- clinical strain (Sa I), S. aureus laboratory strain (Sa II), S. aureus ATCC 25922 (Sa III), Bacillus subtilis (Bs), Streptococcus pneumonia (Sp), Streptococcus faecalis (Sf) and Mycobacterium aurum (Ma). Gram-negative test bacteria were Escherichia coli clinical (Ec I) and Escherichia coli laboratory strain (Ec II), Escherichia coli NCTC 10418 (Ec III), E. coli ATCC 25923 (Ec IV), Proteus vulgaris (Pv), Proteus mirabilis (Pm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) Pseudomonas putida (Pp), Salmonella typhi clinical strain (St I), Salmonella typhi NCTC 8385 (St II), Serratia macerans (Sm) and Klebsiella pneumonia (Kp). Crude extracts were obtained using Antibacterial screening was carried out by disc diffusion method. The result analysis was done by mean ± SD. The result showed that all the screened algae had antibacterial activity against at least one of the test organisms. Four (57%) of the seven algal species tested demonstrated inhibitory activities against the Gram-positive test bacteria while all the seven species tested showed inhibitory activities against the Gram-negative test bacteria. Highest inhibitory zone against Gram-negative bacterial species was observed in dichloromethane/methanol extract of Caulepa taxifolia (DCCT) against E. coli measuring 14.67 mm while the highest activity against Gram-positive bacterial strain was observed in diethyl acetate extract of Chaetomorpha antennina (DECA) against S. aureus (SaII) with an inhibitory zone of 17.67 mm. Extracts of Chaetomorpha antennina showed the highest inhibitory activities in this study. The result of this study showed that extracts from species of green macro-algae from the West African Coast possess antibacterial compounds that can serve as lead drug candidates in the quest for new antibacterial therapy if well explored.
Phytochemical Content and Antibacterial Effect of Ethanolic and Methanolic Extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus Mushroom
(Journal of Applied Life Sciences International, 2022) Agbaje-Daniels Folashade; Anyakorah Caroline Iruoma
Aims: Microbial resistance is a threat to the successful treatment of microbial infections. Mushrooms are known to possess antimicrobial and antioxidant potential which could be inhibitory to some pathogenic organisms. The aim was to assess the phytochemicals and antimicrobial potential of Pleurotus ostreatus extracts on some pathogenic organisms. Methodology: The study was conducted at the Bells University of Technology, Nigeria, between December 2019 and August 2020. A 10% dried powder of Pleurotus ostreatus was extracted in absolute ethanol and methanol and evaporated in a water bath at 50 oC. Extracts were reconstituted in dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) at 12.5, 25, 50, and 100% respectively. Antibiotic effects of extracts were tested on Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus by agar well diffusion method and compared with standard antibiotic discs. DMSO and the solvents served as positive and negative controls. Ethanolic extract was subjected to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer. Results: The extracts exhibited varying inhibitory effects on the organisms except on E coli at 12.5% ethanolic extract. The inhibition zones increased with extract concentration from 2-12 mm and 4-14 mm in ethanolic and methanolic extracts respectively. The inhibitory effect of standard antibiotics was higher 17-25 mm except for erythromycin (13-14 mm). Test organisms were resistant to Beta Lactams (augmentin, cefuroxime, and ceftazidime) and sensitive to Aminoglycoside (gentamicin), Fluoroquinolones (ofloxacin), Ciprofloxacin, and erythromycin. GC/MS revealed the presence of 30 organic compounds, amongst them were sugar, sugar alcohols, alkaloids, amines, fatty acids, esters, aldehydes, and alcohols. The most abundant were oleic acid (33.75%) and 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)-2 hydroxy-1- (21.21%). Phytochemicals are heterocyclic compounds found in natural products. Conclusion: P. ostreatus has been revealed to possess phytochemicals of medical relevance with potential for pharmacological application. The implication is that Pleurotus ostreatus extracts could serve as a lead to novel drug discoveries which could enhance health and nutritional well-being.
Antibacterial Screening of Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid functionalized silver nanoparticles synthesized by the microalgae Bryopsis pennata and Caulerpa taxifolia
(Journal of Applied Surfaces and Interfaces, 2023) Agbaje-Daniels Folashade; Bankole-Ojo Olufunsho Samuel; Ukoh N.
Abstract: The loss of antibiotics efficacy over common infections has raised concerns and resulted in significant research efforts to the search for new antibiotics or chemically altering existing ones for a better control of infectious diseases. In this study, the aqueous extracts of Bryopsis pennata and Caulerpa taxifolia were used to synthesize silver nanoparticles. These nanoparticles were functionalized with Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid (amoxiclav). UV/visible spectroscopy was used to monitor the synthesis of the silver nanoparticles. The organic surface groups responsible for the capping and stabilization of the nanoparticles were analyzed using Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) studies showed that the silver nanoparticles formed had sizes in the range of 7 nm to 65 nm. The aqueous extracts of Bryopsis pennata and Caulerpa taxifolia showed very low activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca and Bacillus mycoides. Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococus aureus with values for the zone of growth inhibition ranging from 7 mm to 15 mm for both extracts at the maximum concentration of 500 μg/mL. Silver nanoparticles exhibited much higher activity than their respective extracts as the zone of growth inhibition values ranged between 23 mm to 26 mm at the maximum concentration. The activity of Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid was improved when conjugated with silver nanoparticles with very high values for the zone of growth inhibition ranging from 30 mm to 34 mm at the maximum concentration of 500 μg/mL. Therefore, the functionalization of silver nanoparticles with antibiotics is medicinally important and can be used to improve the activity of existing antibiotics.
Identification and Evaluation of Fungal Pathogens in Pond-Cultivated Catfish from Ketu Adie-Owe, Ado Odo Local Government Area, Ogun State (Nigeria)
(Journal of Analytical Sciences and Applied Biotechnology, 2023) Lateef Esther Oluwafunmilade; Dunkwu Tobechukwu Christopher; Olawale Solomon Kolapo
Fish remains a crucial component of human nutrition, providing essential high protein and mineral content for survival. This study, conducted in Ketu Adie-Owe, Ado Odo Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria, aims to isolate and comprehend fungal pathogens in pond catfish ecosystems. Three male Clarias gariepinus fish samples were collected from a concrete fish pond in Apena Village, Ketu, Igbesa, and transported aseptically to the Microbiology Laboratory at Crawford University for microbiological analysis. Sabouraud Dextrose Agar with chloramphenicol, to inhibit bacterial growth, was prepared for the isolation of fungi following the manufacturer’s instructions. Skin and intestine samples from each fish were processed, leading to the identification of various fungal species, including yeast and mold types. Notable isolates included Trichosporon spp., Malassezia (yeasts), Fusarium oxysporum, and Arthroderma quadrifidum (molds), each potentially contributing uniquely to the pondwater ecosystem. Understanding these isolates is important due to their potential to harm fish health, reduce marketability, and pose health risks to humans and animals. The study raised concerns about possible water contamination in the catfish pond, highlighting the risk of fish infections under such conditions. The research also underscored the ecological importance of fungi in pond catfish ecosystems, particularly in nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition. The presence of pathogenic fungi emphasizes the need for vigilant monitoring and management to protect fish health, aquaculture productivity, and public well-being
Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Euphorbia kamerunica latex, and the synergistic antimicrobial effects of their functionalization with Co Amoxiclav
(Covenant Journal of Physical and Life Sciences, 2024) Faboyede Omolayo Adekemi; Bankole-Ojo Olufunsho Samuel; Agbaje-Daniel Folashade; Adagbogun Gloria Omokeyia
Antimicrobial resistance is a growing global health concern, prompting the need for alternatives to synthetic antibiotics. One potential solution is the use of plant-derived antimicrobials. This study investigates the enhancement of these antimicrobials by synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and functionalized AgNPs from the latex of Euphorbia kamerunica, a plant rich in phytochemicals. It evaluates their antimicrobial activity against various pathogens. The main objective was to develop a green synthesis approach that enhances the effectiveness of AgNPs through functionalization with co-amoxiclav, a commonly used antibiotic. The biosynthesis of AgNPs was achieved by mixing Euphorbia kamerunica latex with silver nitrate as the precursor. The formation of AgNPs was monitored visually by the colour change of the reaction mixture and confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy. FTIR analysis was performed to identify the functional groups responsible for reducing and stabilizing the nanoparticles. The AgNPs were then functionalized with co-amoxiclav, and their morphology was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Antimicrobial activity was assessed using the disk diffusion method against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The results indicated successful biosynthesis of AgNPs, confirmed by a characteristic SPR peak at 428 nm and FTIR spectra showing the presence of phytochemicals. SEM analysis revealed nanoparticle sizes ranging from 50 to 500 nm with some agglomeration. Functionalized AgNPs exhibited enhanced antimicrobial activity, particularly against Salmonella subspecie3b and Staphylococcus aureus, compared to non-functionalized AgNPs and latex alone. The study highlights the remarkable potential of Euphorbia kamerunica latex as a sustainable, eco-friendly resource for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Furthermore, the functionalization of these AgNPs with co-amoxiclav significantly enhances their antimicrobial efficacy, demonstrating superior performance against resistant bacterial strains. This innovative approach showcases the synergy between phytochemicals and antibiotics and positions these functionalized nanoparticles as promising candidates for advanced biomedical applications, particularly in combating antibiotic-resistant infections.

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