Scholarly work in the Department of Geology and Mineral Sciences

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Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Parts of Ijoko Area, Sango-Otta Axis of Southwestern Nigeria
(Scientific Review, 2019) Dairo Victoria Abiola; Fagoyinbo Victor Oludare; Mac-tyger Godson
A total of 26 water samples comprising of well, river and borehole waters were subjected to physico-chemical tests to evaluate its quality. The result of the physical characteristics shows that the average pH value, total dissolved solid and electrical conductivity is 4.9, 1027.31mg/L and 1526.92mg/L respectively. Thus, relatively above the desirable limit for drinking water while the ionic dominance of the major cations and anions reveal high concentration of Na+ and Cl- amidst other ions in the order of Na+>Ca2+>Mg2+> K+ and Cl->HCO3- > SO42- respectively wherein the water was classified as belonging to Na-Cl facies and unsuitable for irrigation purpose.
Assessment of Heavy Metals Pollution in Sediments from Ologe Lagoon, Agbara, Lagos, Nigeria
(Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 2019) Adeyemi Moyosoluwa Odunayo; Olusola Johnson Adedeji; Akpobasah Oghenemaro; Adidi Nathan Eyituoyo; Shelle Rafiu Olaniyi Dada
This study was carried out to assess the level of heavy metals pollution in Ologe Lagoon, Agbara, Lagos, Nigeria. The Lagoon receives effluents from industries in the Agbara Industrial Estate. Cored Soft sediments were retrieved from six random sampling points within the Lagoon and labeled (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6). Subsamples of the sediments were prepared and analyzed for heavy metal concentration. The result from the heavy metal analysis of the sediments shows that average concentration of Mn, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cr, Ni, Co, Cu and Pb in the samples was 278.1 ppm, 21.7 ppm, 14.2 ppm, 6.6 ppm, 6.4 ppm, 6.4 ppm and 4.4 ppm, respectively. The correlation between the heavy metals varies from 0.71 to 0.98 shows that they have a strongly positive degree of association which suggests that they are from the same source. The geo-accumulation values for Cu in all stations ranged between (1 - 2.8 ppm) and it can be deduced that the sediments are moderately to strongly polluted. Pb varies between 1 and 2.1 suggesting that the sediments are moderately polluted. Zn exhibits strong pollution levels with a range from 2.5 and 3.5 ppm. Co is moderately polluted with 1.5 - 2.4 while Mn shows the highest level of pollution in all stations with Igeo values ranging between 4.1 and 5.8. This study showed that the Lagoon accumulates heavy metals as a result of anthropogenic activities evident in the dumping of municipal, sewage, industrial waste in the environment and domestic activities such as auto mobile transportation and mechanic repair workshop. Based on sediment quality guidelines, the Ologe Lagoon level of pollution ranged from Cu > Pb > Zn > Ni > Co > Mn > Cr > Al with Mn having the highest level of pollution.
Biozonation and Correlation of Two Wells in Niger Delta Using Calcareous Nannofossils
(Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae, 2016) Dairo Victoria Abiola; Oladiran Mary Olutimilehin
Two wells drilled in the offshore of Niger Delta were biostratigraphically analyzed and correlated, based on their calcareous nannofossils content. The 98 analyzed samples were collected from the Well MAY-01 at interval range of 40ft. (12.19m) to 120ft (36.58m) from the depth of 4050ft. (1234.40m) to 11700ft. (3566.16m), while in the second well, Well MAY-02, at interval range of 30ft (9.12m) from the depth of 7200ft. (2194.56m) down to 9850ft. (3002.28m). In all, twenty calcareous nannofossil species were identified and used for biozonation and correlation. The distribution of the calcareous nannofossil species in the two wells enabled the establishment of zones belonging to the upper Miocene; NN9 and NN11, while NN10 was not recorded. The most abundant calcareous nannofossils identified are Discoaster hamatus, Discoaster berggrenii, Discoaster quinqueramus, Ceratolithus armatus and Ceratolithus cris-tatus. The two biozones of calcareous nannofossils identified from May-01 and May-02 wells were correlated based on their short stratigraphic range and found to be similar in the two studied successions.
Effects of Weathering and Erosion on the Geochemistry Of Rocks And Soils
(International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology, 2017) Fagoyinbo Victor Oludare
This paper seeks to find the effects of weathering on the geochemistry of rocks and soils. Weathering is characterized by physical disintegration and chemical decomposition of rocks. This is associated with structural transformation of the minerals which make up the rocks. Contact of rocks with either or both water and oxygen promote weathering. Weathering and erosion occur in the upper portion of the Earth’s crust and affects igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. The most common chemical elements in the crust are oxygen, silicon and aluminous and they are all prone to weathering. Also, the most common minerals are feldspars, quartz, pyroxenes and amphiboles and these, also, are prone to weathering. Weathering leads to changes in their chemical composition. After weathering, certain minerals disappear while new ones are created. This depends on the resistance of each mineral to weathering. The chemical processes involved in weathering are hydration, hydrolysis, solution, carbonation, oxidation and reduction. Weathering first destroys any relatively weak bonding agents before the products are further subjected to greater disintegration.Weathering leads to increased pH, leaching of alkaline earth cations and leaching of H4SiO4. In some cases, weathering leads to rust which is a reaction between Fe2+ containing compound, H2O and O2. Solution, carbonation and reduction all involves chemical reaction. With all these changes involving chemical reaction, weathering and erosion therefore has positive impact on the geochemistry of rocks and soils of the Earth’s crust.
Foraminifera biostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental studies of well-x, eastern Niger delta
(International Journal of Advanced Geosciences, 2021) Adewole John Adeola; Dairo Victoria Abiola; Adeola Samuel Ibukunoluwa
Ditch cutting samples from Well-X drilled in the Eastern part of the Niger delta were subjected to biostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental studies using micropaleontological analysis to identify the foraminifera present in the sections penetrated by the well. A total of 50 (fifty) foraminifera species made up of benthonic and planktic spp were recovered from the sections. The marker species identified are Globorotalia acostaensis, Globorotalia mernadii cultrate, Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, Globorotalia plesiotumida, Globorotalia obesa, Globorotalia nepenthes, Sphaeroidinella subdehiscens, Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, Globigerinoides sudquadratus. The four (4) biozones identified are N16 (Late Miocene 9.5Ma - 10.9Ma), N15-N14, N13-N12 and N12-N11 (Middle Miocene with corresponding ages 10.9Ma -11.8Ma, 11.8Ma-12.2Ma and 12.2Ma respectively). Using the encountered benthonic foraminiferal species, the paleoecology was determined; and it was revealed that the paleoenvironment of the section ranges from Inner Neritic to Outer Neritic Environment. Also, the lithological analysis revealed an intercalation of Shale, Mudstone and Sand which indicates various paleoecological episodes that led to their deposition. The age of the well was inferred from the bioevents of the marker species to be Middle Miocene to Late Miocene with the sparse occurrence of the Calcareous Benthic and the Plankonic species suggesting a shallow marine environment.
Geochemical and Mineralogical Characteristics Of Clay Deposits at Ijesha–Ijebu and Its Environs, Southwestern Nigeria
(Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2020) Adewole John Adeola; Adeyemi Moyosoluwa Odunayo; Omojola Damilola Ifeoluwa
Two residual clay deposits and one transported clay deposit in Ijesha-Ijebu area were investigated for their mineralogical, chemical and industrial properties. The investigation was to evaluate their industrial applications and economic importance. The mineralogy of the clay samples was determined using X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The chemical composition of the clay samples was determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). Physical tests which include; thermal properties, plasticity tests, density measurement, linear shrinkage and water absorption capacity were determined to determine their industrial potentials. The clay within the weathered profiles above banded gneiss and pegmatite at Ijesha-Ijebu is brownish with red spots, while the clays derived from sedimentary terrain is chocolate in colour. The X-ray diffraction results showed that kaolinite is the dominant mineral, while quartz, albite and muscovite are the major non clay minerals. Chemical data showed that the values of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 are 66.11%, 20.53% and 3.07%, respectively in weathered banded gneiss, in sedimentary the values of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 are 42.12%, 34.43% and 7.37%. In weathered pegmatite, the values of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 are 53.17%, 32.7%, 1.44%, respectively. The average percentage of clay in the banded gneiss, pegmatite and sedimentary samples are 50%, 56% and 47% respectively. The clay mouldability ranged between moderate to high. Evaluation of the clay properties and characteristics shows the industrial application of the clay like production of ceramic, building bricks and other structural wares.
Geochemistry of Weathered Profiles over Syenite and Younger Granite in Pankshin Area, North Central Nigeria
(Canadian Center of Science and Education, 2017) Adewole John Adeola; Anthony Temidayo Bolarinwa
Metallic ores of economic values often occur within profiles above basement rocks in tropical regions due to weathering and secondary enrichment. This study is carried out to determine the geochemistry and appraise the potential for metallic ore enrichment in the weathered profiles over Syenite and Younger Granite in Pankshin area. Top-soil, laterite and rock samples are collected from two lateritic profiles above Syenite and Younger Granite. The syenite rock is composed of alkali feldspars (perthite), nepheline, clinopyroxene, with minor amount of orthopyroxene, hornblende, plagioclase and few quartz grains, indicating oversaturation. The Younger Granite contains plagioclase feldspars, microcline, quartz, biotite, hornblende and reibeckite. Quartz (61.0%), kaolinite (32.0%) and microcline (7.0%) are the dominant minerals in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the decomposed rocks. The Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) of both rocks is generally >90. There are enhancements of V, Sc, Zr and TiO2 in the Syenite profile and Fe2O3, Zr, V and TiO2 in the Younger Granite profile as reflected in the Accumulation Factor (AF), loss and gain of elements (K), though the values were too low for ore mineralization except for iron and titanium in the Younger Granite profile.
Geotechnical and GIS-based environmental factors and vulnerability studies of the Okemesi landslide, Nigeria
(Regional Sustainability, 2023) Adeyemi Moyosoluwa Odunayo; Olaniyi Patrick Imole; Olusola Johnson Adedeji; Akintan Oluwakemi Bolanle
Landslide is a geological hazard typically associated with extreme events such as earthquakes, heavy rainfall, volcanic eruptions, changes in groundwater level, etc. This study was carried out in Okemesi-Ekiti (also known as Okemesi), Southwest Nigeria, with the purpose of using remote sensing and GIS technologies to analyze the environmental factors (grain size, direct shear strength resistance, rainfall data, wet density, surface, and slope) resulting in the occurrence of the Okemesi landslide. The study also aimed to conduct a vulnerability analysis in the study area to identify regions with a probability of landslide occurrence. The grain size analysis of the soil in the Okemesi landslide area showed that slope materials comprised 17.14% gravel, 59.31% sand, and 19.48% fines, thus the soil type could be classified as poorly graded gravely sand with a high possibility of landslide occurrence. The geomorphic characteristics of the study area was characterized by slopes ranging from 0.00 to 49.00 , while most slopes in the area were less than 8.00 . The slope aspect direction was mainly in south (157.51 –202.50 ), southwest (202.51 –247.50 ), west (247.51 –292.50 ), and north (0.00 –22.50 and 337.51 –360.00 ). The highlands were primarily bounded by the slope directions of north (0.00 –22.50 and 337.51 –360.00 ), northeast (22.51 –67.50 ), east (67.51 –112.51 ), and southeast (112.51 157.50 ), which indicated the potential direction of mass movement. The study area can be divided into three vulnerability zones: high, medium, and low, with the area percentages of 9.00%, 61.80%, and 29.20%, respectively. The analysis suggested that the Okemesi landslide was likely triggered by rainfall, which might have weakened the physical structure of slope materials. Understanding the causes and impacts of landslides is crucial for policy-makers to implement measures to mitigate landslide hazards, protect infrastructure, and prevent the loss of life in the landslide-prone regions.
Groundwater Contamination and Effective Ways of Rectification
(International Journal of Information Research and Review, 2016-01) Fagoyinbo Victor Oludare; Dairo Victoria Abiola
Groundwater contamination is a common occurrence the world over. When it occurs, it is very difficult and expensive to overcome. Since groundwater is a major source of potable water and the most widespread, it is very necessary to explore all avenues to avert its contamination. The impact that contamination has on groundwater, its environment and consumers were discussed. These include health hazard, imbalance in the ecosystem, water scarcity, negative economy and inflation. The various steps to prevent groundwater contamination such as efficient waste disposal method, safe storage and handling of hazardous materials and protection of chemicals or waste from floods and rainfall percolating underground were briefly discussed. Also discussed under prevention are good management of waste products, monitoring of storage tanks and pipelines, well monitoring as well as formulation of an effective Water Policy. The solution to contamination are broadly grouped into two; namely ex-situ and in-situ technologies. Some case studies were analyzed for future references.
Heavy Metal Speciation and Health Risk Assessment of Soil and Jute Mallow (Corchorus olitorus) Collected From a Farm Settlement in Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria
(Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment, 2019) Adeyemi Moyosoluwa Odunayo; Akinloye Oluseyi Adeboye; Olujimi Olanrewaju Olusoji; Ogunbanjo Oriyomi Olalekan; Bada Babatunde Saheed; Makanjuola Olatunji Mojeed
There is an increasing global concern for adverse effects of inorganic fertilizer and pesticides applied to agricultural soils. This study investigated metal speciation in soil and health risk assessment of Jute mallow (Corchorus olitoriuos) from a farm settlement in Ikorodu, Lagos State. Soil samples were collected according to the set standard procedure, sequentially extracted and analyzed for selected heavy metals using standard methods. Results showed that chromium (Cr) was associated with reducible fraction (Fe-Mn) for top soil, while cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu); lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni); and Cr were predominantly bound to carbonate, reducible and residual mineral components respectively for sub-soil. The results of Contamination Factor (CF), Contamination Degree (CD), Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) showed that the soil samples were not polluted for all the investigated metals. The Cd level in the soil (13.54 ± 1.21 mg∙kg−1) and vegetables (0.83 ± 0.05 mg∙kg−1) were above the USEPA critical permissible limit of 3.0 mg∙kg−1 and 0.1 - 1.2 mg∙kg−1 respectively. The daily intake of estimated selected heavy metals from the vegetable ranged from 8.8 × 10−03 to 1.4 × 10−02 for adult and 3.8 × 10−03 to 1.1 × 10−02 for children while the Hazard Quotient (HQ) for adults ranged from 5.4 × 10−05 to 1.1 × 10−01 and that of children ranged from 8.3 × 10−03 to 1.4 × 10−02. The cancer risk (CR) values of heavy metals in the soil ranged from 1.02 × 10−11 to 9.90 × 10−10 and 4.45 × 10−09 to 8.61 × 10−09 for children and adults respectively. The level of cancer risk was below the threshold values (10−4 - 10−6) which USEPA considered as unacceptable risk. The consumption of Jute mallow grown at Ikorodu Farm Settlement is assessed to be free of risk. Hence heavy metal analysis should be included in routine soil analysis before planting.
Mineralogical and Geochemical Appraisal of Clay Deposits in Papalanto and Its Environs, Southwestern, Nigeria
(Canadian Center of Science and Education, 2018) Adewole John Adeola; Olaleye Modupe Adefunmi
Three residual clay occurrences in Papalanto, Ifo, and Imoto areas which belong to the sedimentary basin of southwestern Nigeria were investigated to determine their industrial applications. The samples were pulverized, sieved, digested with mineral acids and characterized. Clay mineralogy was determined using X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Elemental compositions of the clay samples were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). Grain size distribution data were obtained by conducting grain size analysis in two parts; sieve analysis and sedimentation. Thermal properties, plasticity tests, density measurement, linear shrinkage and water absorption capacity were determined to evaluate their industrial potentials. Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) was calculated to determine the degree of weathering in the area. The X-ray diffraction results showed that kaolinite is the dominant mineral, while quartz, anatase and hematite are the major non clay minerals. Chemical data showed that the average values of SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 were 59.46%, 22.16%, and 3.06% respectively constituting 98.3% of the bulk compositions. Papalanto possessed high plasticity and mouldability. Evaluation of the clay thermal characteristics, firing colour, water absorption capacities and shrinkage values showed that the whitish Ifo clay and Papalanto kaolinitic clays could serve as raw materials for ceramics, building bricks, and other structural wares. Kaolin which is the dominant mineral in all the clays can be used for cosmetics, tooth paste, pharmaceutical purposes
Mineralogical and Geochemical Trends in the Residual Soils above Basement Rocks in Ore Area, Southwestern Nigeria
(Canadian Center of Science and Education, 2017) Adewole John Adeola; Emmanuel Tamunobelema Tubonemi
Residual clays and laterite of economic values often occur within weathering profiles above basement rocks in tropical regions due to supergene enrichment and leaching of liable components. Previous studies in Ore area mainly on geochemistry of the basement rocks with scanty information on the weathered profiles. This study was carried out to determine the compositional characteristics of the basement rocks, the geochemical trends within the profiles above the parent rocks and the evaluation of their economic potentials. Petrographic study was carried out on thin sections of the rock samples. Elemental compositions of the rocks, clay, laterite, and top-soil were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). Clay mineralogy was determined using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. Chemical index of Alterations (CIA) was calculated from geochemical data. Weathering of granite and banded gneiss in Ore resulted in the formation of soil layer, which ranged 0-0.5m, laterite 1.2-3m and clayey zone 2.9-3.0m. Quartz, plagioclase feldspars, microcline, biotite and hornblende were the essential minerals in the parent rocks. Granite and banded gneiss is high SiO2 (>65%) but low in MgO (<2.0%) and CaO (<4.0%). Kaolinite (60-80%), goethite (3-12%) and microcline (4-10%) were the dominant minerals in the XRD of the weathering profiles. Traces of illite were present only in granite. The CIA was generally > 85 indicating advanced state of weathering producing lateritic soil. The lateritic profiles over granite and banded gneiss of Ore area varied with the composition of the parent rocks. The clay layer has economic potential for ceramics, fertilizer and structural wares.
Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Residual Clay Occurrences in Idi-Ayunre and Akure Areas, Southwestern Nigeria
(Canadian Center of Science and Education, 2015) Adewole John Adeola
Three residual clay occurrences in Idi-Ayunre, and Akure areas which belong to the Precambrian basement complex of southwestern Nigeria were investigated for their mineralogical, chemical and industrial properties. The investigation was to evaluate their industrial applications and economic importance. The clay within the weathered profiles above banded gneiss at Idi-Ayunre is whitish with red spots, whereas the clays derived from profiles above porphyritic granite and granite gneiss in Akure are grayish and brown in color respectively. The X-ray diffraction studies show that kaolinite is the dominant clay mineral, goethite, microcline, quartz, albite are the major non clay minerals in the samples. Chemical data showed that the average values of SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 were 52.3. 30.29 and 3.54 wt% respectively constituting 86.13% of the bulk compositions. Evaluation of the clay thermal characteristic, firing colour, water absorption capacities and shrinkage values show that the brownish Idi-Ayunre clay, gray and brown Akure kaolinitic clays could serve as raw materials for ceramics, building bricks, and other structural wares.
Palynostratigraphic And Paleoenvironmental Investigation of FUNCH-1 Well, Western Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria
(Ajayi Crowther Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2024) Adeyemi Moyosoluwa Odunayo; Ayorinde Oluwafunmibi Omojiade
An exploratory well (Funch-1) from the western Niger Delta was subjected to palynological analysis in order to deduce and delineate the different palynozones in the well together with their paleoenvironment and respective ages. Thirty (30) ditch cutting samples collected at intervals of 60ft from 9,390ft to 11,190ft in the well were subjected to palynological analysis. Sample preparation involved the removal of carbonate and siliceous materials. A total of forty-one (41) palynomorph species were identified, out of which Acrostichum aureum, Psilastephanocolporites sapotaceae, Gemmamonoporites sp, Psilatricolporites crassus, Verrutricolporites rotundiporus and Verrucatosporites sp. were identified as marker species. Biozonation was carried out using standard zonation scheme and one zone of pollens and spores i.e., P700 and two (2) subzones P770 and P780 were identified on the bases of the Top) and Base of the marker species. Based on the identified palynozones, the age of the interval of the well investigated is late to middle Miocene. Paleoenvironmental studies on indicate that the majority of pollen and spores are found in brackish marshes.
Potentially Toxic Elements (PTE) Pollution in Apomu Suburban Area on southwestern Nigeria
(Springer Nature, 2022-09) Adeyemi Moyosoluwa Odunayo; Olatunji Omowunmi Stella
Potentially Toxic Elements (PTE) contaminated soils within urban areas have received global attention. However, little attention is being given to soils of suburban areas, which are also vulnerable to PTE contamination from both natural and unnatural sources. This study was conducted to determine soil quality and PTE pollution sources in soils of Apomu, Southwestern Nigeria. The concentration of PTEs was determined by subjecting soils to elemental analysis using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Pollution indices and health risks were calculated. The results showed the following range of metal concentrations in ppm except for Al (%) in increasing order; Mo (0.58-12.29), Cu (16.65-687.47), Pb (28.64-368.75), Zn (0-9257.30), Ni (7.60-86.20), Mn (403-1756), Cr (26.40-107), Cd (0.20-11.34), and Fe (1.23-4.29). Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) showed that Zn, Pb, Ni and Cu and moderately contaminated with Cd. The Enrichment Factor (EF) revealed minimal to very high enrichment of Cu and Zn; minimal to significant enrichment of Pb and As and a minimal to moderate enrichment of Ni and Co. The geochemical evaluation revealed that soils were heavily contaminated with PTEs which were sourced from geogenic and anthropogenic activities. Approximately 70% of sampling areas exhibited high potential ecological concerns. The hazard index (HI) values for children and adults were less than one (HI < 1), indicating that there was no major danger of poisoning. Carcinogenic risks for Cd, Ni, and Pb were calculated and found to be within tolerable limits, but children are more susceptible to cancer and non-cancer risks than adults.

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