College of Natural and Applied Sciences (CONAS)

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Public Health Implication of Gurara River Izom environment Niger State, Nigeria
(Eco-Tourism and Fisheries Development, 2006) Kolo Reuben Jiya; Adama S. B.
Water samples were collected from River Gurara around the Gurara Falls and Izom settlement once every month for a period of twelve (12) months (June 2004 May 2005). Microbial studies were carried out on the water samples collected. There were marked variations between different samples, stations and seasons. The microbial studies showed the presence of enteric gram negative, gram positive and pyogeric groups of bacteria. Some species of indicator organisms were recorded. The results obtained showed that the activities of Izom populace has some impact on the water quality and public health status of River Gurara
Application of Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing to Aquaculture and Fisheries Potentials of Shiroro Lake, Niger State.
(Annual School of Science and Science education conference Federal University of Technology Minna, 2006) Kolo Reuben Jiya; Ibrahim S.U; Sadiku S.O.E; Halilu A.S
The study examines the application of Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing to aquaculture and Fisheries Potentials of Shiroro Lake. By integrating physico-chemical parameters into Geographic Information System database. This also involved identifying and estimating potential areas of aquaculture development. To provide focus for the study. Five sampling sites (stations) were selected within the lake basin. Multispectral hand satellites image was used to detect suitable areas of the lake for aquaculture, and fishery production. The suitability raising was established based on physico-chemical data obtained from previous survey which identified station IV (River Dinya entering point) as the most suitable site for aquaculture followed by station I (Dam Crest) as suitable station V (River Munya entering point) moderately suitable while station II (River Kaduna entering point) and station IIl River Sarkin Pawa entering point) classified as unsuitable based on the scale of the ideal ranges of all the physico-chemical parameters
Organoleptic, minerals and vitamins’ evaluation of some Nigerian breads
(Nigerian food journal, 2007) Ikanone Christopher Efe Oritseweyinmi; Ebuehi O.A. T.; Owolabi O.O.; Amabibi I. T.; Ajekwu A. P.
The organoleptic, minerals and vitamins’ evaluation of someNigerian breads were investigated. Five commonly consumed breads in Lagos, Nigeria, which were used for the study. These were Val-U, Nourish, Big-Treat, Unilag and Agege breads. These breads were purchased from reputable outlets within 24h of production. Organoleptic or sensory evaluation of the bread samples was carried out using 5-point hedonic scale and 20 panelists, who were regular consumers of bread. The appearance, odour, taste, texture and general acceptability were scored. Mineral concentrations of Cu2+, Na+, Zn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, K+ and Fe2+ ions in the bread samples were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. VitaminsA, B1, B2 and B6 levels in the bread sampleswere analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The percentage mean sensoryscore of appearance, odour, taste, texture, and general acceptability of these breads were between 84.0 and 60.0. Big-Treat White bread recorded the highest score of 84.0% while Agege Bread had the lowest score of 60.0%. Val-Ubread contained the highest concentrations ofminerals,while Big-TreatWhite and Agege breads had the lowest mineral levels. The vitaminAlevel in Big-TreatWhite bread was significantly (p<0.01) higher as compared to other bread samples. There was little or noVitaminB1,B2 andB6 in some of theNigerian breads. Big-Treat White bread was the most preferred, followed byNourish andUnilag breads,whileAgege bread was least preferred of the breads. The Nigerian breads were rich in minerals and vitamin A and the nutrient composition of these breads may have influenced their consumers’preference and general acceptability. In conclusion, Nigerian breads are rich in some micronutrients especiallyvitaminA, calcium, magnesium and potassium , which are essential for normal growth and health of humans.
Comparative Study of Sun Drying and Solar Tent Drying of Hyperopisus bebe occidentalis
(Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 2009) Kolo Reuben Jiya; Ojutiku R.O.; Mohammed M.L.
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of two drying processing methods on the nutritional qualities of Hyperopisus bebe. The two methods used were solar tent dryer and traditional sun drying methods. The experimental fish were dried for 120 h (5 days). The results of proximate analysis showed significant difference (p<0.05) between the two techniques. Organoleptic evaluation showed no physical damage, no discolouration in the treatments and both had firm texture though fishes under traditional sun drying were infected by insects.
Effects of administration of sertraline, clozapine, amitriptyline and imipramine on brain serotonin, liver enzymes and blood chemistry of rabbit
(International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2009) Ikanone Christopher Efe Oritseweyinmi; Ebuehi O. A. T.; Balogun A. A.; Akinwande A. I.; Famuyiwa O.O.
The chronic administration of sertraline, clozapine, amitriptyline and imipramine on brain serotonin, liver enzymes and blood chemistry of rabbits were investigated. Sixty rabbits were equally divided into 5 groups and each group was intraperitoneally administered 2 ml of 0.5 mg of the respective drug/kg body weight/day) and saline as control for 28 days. After 28 days, the rabbits were sacrificed; blood taken, liver and brain were excised. The concentration of total protein, serotonin, cholesterol and triglyceride in serum, liver and brain were determined. The activities of serum and liver alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase were also assayed. The serum serotonin and brain serotonin levels in rabbits administered the respective drugs were significantly (p<0.01) higher than in rabbits administered saline. Brain protein and cholesterol levels in rabbit administered saline were significantly lower than in those administered sertraline, clozapine, amitriptyline and imipramine, with no difference in the serum protein levels. The activities of serum and liver AST and ALT of rabbits administered saline were significantly lower than in those administered the respective drugs, with the exception of serum ALP. Data from the study indicate that intraperitoneal administration of imipramine or amitriptyline produced a more pronounced effect on brain serotonin, activities of liver derived enzymes in serum and blood chemistry of rabbits compared to sertraline or clozapine.
Non-plasmid mediated multi-drug resistance in Vibrio and Aeromanas spp. isolated from seafoods in Lagos.
(Internet Journal of Food Safety, 2010) Agbaje-Daniels Folashade; Adeleye Isaac Adeyemi; Nwanze R.O.; Eyinnia V.A.; Smith S.I.; Fowora M.A.; Goodluck H.A.
Fifty seafood samples comprising of shrimps, crabs and cuttlefish collected from fishing companies in Lagos between September 2007 and May 2008, were cultured on TCBS agar after enrichment in APW. Using API 20E system and complementary biochemical test, 83 VIbrio species and 3 Aeromonas hydrophila were identified from the samples. The Vibrio species encountered comprised of V. cholerae (3) V. parahaemolyticus (5) V. mimicus (16) V. alginolyticus (37) and V. harveyi (12), V. vulnificus (10) and Aeromonas hydrophila (3). Antimicrobial susceptibility carried out using standard procedures revealed that all the 86(100%) isolates were resistant to,Augmentin, Chloramphenicol and Amoxicillin (Amx-Au -Chl). Ten(11.6%) of the isolates had multiple resistance to all the 10 antibiotics tested: Gentamycin, Nitrofuratoin, Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Amoxicillin, Ofloxacin, Cotrimoxazole, Augmentin, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriazone (Amx-Aug-Chl-Nit-Cip-Tet-Ofl-Gen-Cot-Cro).Plasmid characterization revealed that only four (4.7%) of the Eighty-six isolates haboured plasmid DNA. These were two strains of V. alginolyticus with plasmids of molecular weight of 25.0 Kbp and 9.416 Kbp each and two strains of V. mimicus with plasmids of molecular weight 4.361 Kbp each.None of the Aeromonas specie haboured plasmids. This shows that antibiotic resistance in Vibrio and Aeromonas species in this environment is not plasmid mediated. keywords:
Characterization And Pathogenicity Of Vibrio Spp. Contaminating Seafoods In Lagos, Nigeria.
(Internet Journal of Food Safety,, 2010) Agbaje-Daniels Folashade; Adeleye Isaac Adeyemi; Enyinnia V. A
Twenty-five seafood samples (shrimps, crabs and cuttle fish) collected from seven Fishing Companies and some local fishermen in Lagos, Nigeria, were examined for the presence of Vibrio species. A total of 44 vibrios belonging to five different species were isolated. The most predominant species was Vibrio alginolyticus (31.8%), followed by V. harveyi (27.3%), V. mimicus (22.7%), V. parahaemolyticus (11.4) and V. cholerae (6.8%). All the strains of V. mimicus, V. parahaemolyticus and V. cholerae and some strains of V. alginolyticus and V. harveyi lysed human red blood cells. None of the isolates tested elicited fluid accumulation in the experimental mice. However, histology sections showed that V. parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae, two strains of V. mimicus, one strain each of V. alginolyticus and V. harveyi caused erosion of the epithelial linings of the intestines of the experimental mice. This indicates that the organisms can cause infections in humans by invasion of the epithelial linings of the intestine.
Characterization of Volatile Components of Epa-Ijebu: A Native Wonder Cure Recipe
(Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2011) Agbaje-Daniels Folashade; Adeleye Isaac Adeyemi; Omadime M.
Essential oils and volatile compound from Epa-Ijebu, a native cure-all concoction was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed using Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) in an attempt to determine the major constituents that could be responsible for the acclaimed curative ability of this concoction over diverse illnesses. Twelve major organic compounds were identified of which Fatty acids were most prevalent (35.52%). This was followed by normal alkanes such as nonadecene, hexadecane, heptadecane, octadecane and heneicosane (constituting 26.5%),2-p-nitrophenyl-oxadiazol-1,3,4-one-5 (18.18%), Quinoline (5.96%), Benzothiazole (4.87%) , Alcohol (2.48%) and other compounds in traces. The prevalence of fatty acid extracts as well as quinoline, benzothiazole and alchohol may be responsible for the anti-bacterial and antifungal as well as other curative ability of this local concoction.
Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil and Extracts of Gongronema latifolium Decne on Bacterial Isolates from Blood Stream of HIV Infected Patients
(Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2011) Agbaje-Daniels Folashade; Adeleye Isaac Adeyemi; Omadime M.
The essential oil as well as aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Gongronema latifolium leaves was evaluated for antimicrobial activity against bacteria isolated from blood streams of HIV patients in Lagos. Using agar diffusion method, the essential oil and the extracts showed moderate inhibitory activity against all the Stphylococcus sp., Escherichia coli, Shigella sp., Salmonella sp., Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Onchrobactrum anthropi and Candida albicans. The zones of inhibition values recorded were comparable to control antibiotic ampicillin but less than that of Ciprofloxacin and Chloramphenicol. The MIC for essential oil ranged between 5-40 μg mL-1, while MBC also ranged between 5-40 μg mL-1, the MIC and MBC for ethanol extract ranged between 3.125-12.5 mg mL-1 and 3.125-25.0 mg mL-1, while aqueous extract MIC range between 6.25-25.0 mg mL-1 and MBC also ranged between 6.25-25.0 mg mL-1, respectively. Extracts of Gongronema latifolium may be useful in ethnomedicine and in the treatment of blood stream infections in HIV patients. Essential oil from Gongronema latifolium leaves (Endl.) Decne was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS). The oil was dominated by linear aliphatic compounds (27.06%),unsaturated fatty acids which was characterized by high percentage of Phthalic acid (18.61%), oleic acids (5.2%), arachidic acid (2.34%) and fumaric acid (2.22%). Monoterpenes including camphor, β-Cymene and phytol.
Identification and Extraction of Bio Diesel from Micro Algae
(Continental Journal of Biological Sciences, 2012) Kolo Reuben Jiya; Ojutiku R.O.; Ogaba I.
This study was carried out to identify species of algae that can produce bio diesel considering the physico chemical parameters that favour the growth of these algae. Water samples were taken from five (5) different locations to assess the physic-chemical parameters, micro algae productive capacity of the water in terms of their quantity. The most productive out of these stations were sampled for micro algae for extraction of bio diesel. The micro algae identified were Neoclanis oleoabundans, Scenedesmus dimorphus, Dunaliella tertialecta, Chlamidomonas, Mallomna spp, Anabena, Richteriella, Chlorella. The physic-chemical parameters measured were hardness, alkalinity, pH and conductivity and all fell within the tolerable limit. The water body that produce more quantity of bio diesel extracted from the micro algae was 27.92g
Toxicity of Parkia biglobosa pod extract on Clarias gariepinus juveniles
(International Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2012) Kolo Reuben Jiya; Ojutiku R. O.; Avbarefe E. P.; Asuwaju F. P.
The toxicity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Parkia biglobosa pods (95, 85, 75, 65 and 55 mg/l) on Clarias gariepinus was investigated under laboratory condition over a 96 h exposure period. Fish exposed to both extracts exhibited clinical signs including eventual death but was not observed in the control fish. Weight change in fish was observed as well as the effect of the plant on the water parameters. However, clinical signs and death were more in fish exposed to the ethanolic extract. It was concluded that aqueous and ethanol extracts of P. biglobosa pods are toxic to C. geriepinus juveniles with the ethanol extract being more toxic, which shows that apart from the bark of P. biglobosa, the pods has piscicidal property and can be put into use in the control and management of fish ponds to eradicate predators by farmers.
Haematological effect of acute concentration of cypermethrin on juveniles of clarias gariepinus
(International Journal of Engineering Science Invention, 2013) Kolo Reuben Jiya; Ojutiku R. O.; Asuwaju F. P.; Obande R. A.; Agbelege O. O.
The experiment was conducted to evaluate the acute toxic of cypermethrin, a synthetic pyrethroids on juveniles of Clarias gariepinus. The effect was assessed based on the comparism results of haematology, examinations of control and experimental group exposed to five nominal concentration of cypavest, 10EC Pesticide Preparation (active substance 100mg/l) of cypermethrin in a static non- renewal bioassay for 96hours. Examination of haematology significantly showed higher value (P < 0.001; 0.01) of white blood cell (WBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), packed cell volume (PCV), monophilis and heterophilis; a significant reduction (P < 0.001, 0.01) in Red Blood Cell (RBC) and Lymphocyte was obtained as compared to the control.cypermethrin is therefore toxic to juveniles of Clarias gariepinus.
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Africa: The Role of an Ethno-botanist (Part 1)
(International Organization of Scientific Research Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 2013) Faboyede Adekemi Omolayo; Sosanya Olufemi; Simpson Alaba
There are eight main MDGs and many stake holders in various countries have contributed to achieving some of these goals. Achieving the MDGs does not depend on economic growth and expensive solutions alone. Man himself has the solution very close to his bosom if he can make maximum use of what nature provides for him. Ethno-botany is an integral part of indigenous/local knowledge of a particular society. The ethno-botanicals accessed from forest areas not only provide a substantial amount of food security to the women but also play a significant role in securing the household economy. Women have developed local provisions of insurance of livelihoods for local communities, ethno-medicine for family health, growing of staple food crops, exploration of plant based innovations for food and biodiversity conservation. However, tens of thousands of plant species are at risk of being extinct, including plants used for food and nutrition, medicine, cultural and spiritual purposes, and the maintenance of livelihoods. These are needed to alleviate poverty, provide food security and ensure sustainable development in many nations. This paper focuses on the roles of an ethno-botanist in achieving some of the MDGs in Africa.
The Abundance and Biting Patterns of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Culicidae) in the Coastal Region of Nigeria
(International Scholarly Research Notices Zoology, 2013) Okonofua Christiana; Uttah Emmanuel C.; Wokem Gloria N.
This study was aimed at determining the abundance and biting patterns of Culex quinquefasciatus in the coastal region of Nigeria. Collections were done by human landing catch and by CDC miniature light traps from September 2005 to August 2006. A total of 3798 C. quinquefasciatus females were collected. The highest number of females was caught in the month of August and it represented nearly a quarter (24.0%) of the total females collected. In all, 38.8% of females dissected were parous.The abundance of C. quinquefasciatus followed the pattern of rainfall with the population starting to expand at the onset of the rains.The highest increase was found after the temperature had peaked. The mean of biting was 3.2 times more in the rainy season than in the dry season, whereas the transmission potential was higher in the dry season. C. quinquefasciatus is presently regarded as a biting nuisance having no significant epidemiological importance yet. Efforts at its control should be intensified before it is too late.
Distance Two Labeling of Direct Product of Paths and Cycles
(arXiv preprint, 2013) Adefokun Tayo Charles; Ajayi Deborah Olayide
Suppose that [n] = {0, 1, 2, ..., n} is a set of non-negative integers and h, k ∈ [n]. The L(h, k)-labeling of graph G is the function l : V (G) → [n] such that |l(u) − l(v)| ≥ h if the distance d(u, v) between u and v is one and |l(u) − l(v)| ≥ k if the distance d(u, v) is two. Let L(V (G)) = {l(v) : v ∈ V (G)} and let p be the maximum value of L(V (G)). Then p is called k h−number of G if p is the least possible member of [n] such that G maintains an L(h, k)−labeling. In this paper, we establish 1 1− numbers of Pm × Cn graphs for all m ≥ 2 and n ≥ 3.
Methanolic Extract of Xylopia aethiopica Ameliorates Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Damage in Male Wistar Rats
(Annual Review & Research in Biology, 2013) Ikanone Christopher Efe Oritseweyinmi; Ogungbe B. F.; Folorunso O. S.
Aims: To examine the ameliorative effect of the methanolic extract of Xylopia aethiopica in acetaminophen-induced hepatic damage male Wistar rats. Study Design: Twelve male rats were randomly grouped into four. 􂀜A􂀝 = Control, 􂀜B􂀝 = Paracetamol-induced hepatotoxic (PCM-IHT), 􂀜C􂀝 = 200 mg/kg b.w treated and 􂀜D􂀝 = 400 mg/kg b.w treated. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry, Lagos State University, Ojo Lagos, Nigeria between November 2011 and March 2012. Methodology: 􂀜A􂀝 received 3.0 ml of distilled water, 􂀜B􂀝 received 350 mg/kg b.w/day of Paracetamol, 􂀜C􂀝 after been induced (B) was treated with 200 mg/kg b.w/day and 􂀜D􂀝 after been induced (B) was treated with 400 mg/kg b.w/day of the plant extract. Two days after the last treatment, the serum was used to assay for alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase Results: The activities of ALT and AST reduced from 85.83±3.4 U/L and 148.2±9.75 U/L in the induced groups to 39.33±1.67 U/L and 68.84±5.72 U/L when treated with 200mg/kg and 35.67±2.46 U/L and 38.26±3.0 U/L when treated with 400 mg/kg respectively. There was no significant difference when 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w treatments were compared with the control (ALT = 38.0±0.40 U/L and AST = 53.71±2.70 U/L) (P>.05). Similarly, the activities of ALP and ACP reduced from 240.8±3.98 U/L and 152.2±7.91 U/L in them induced groups to 126.0±7.62 U/L and 56.17±1.55 U/L when treated with 200 mg/kg and 188.5±4.71 U/L and 93.55±2.18 U/L when treated with 400mg/kg respectively. The 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w treatments appeared to be significantly different from each other but with former being positively correlated with the control (ALP = 135.8±6.74 U/L and ACP = 61.96±4.12 U/L). Conclusion: The methanolic extract of Xylopia aethiopica possessed hepatoreparative property especially in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity; however, its toxicity needs to be examined.
Influence of Temperature on Survivorship and Growth Performance of Heteroclarias Fingerlings under Laboratory Conditions
(Advance in Agriculture and Biology, 2014) Kolo Reuben Jiya; Ayanwale Adesola Victoria; Lamai Solomon Lambuda; Tsadu S. M; Falusi F. M; Baba B. M
The need for a beter understanding of the environmental factors that influence productivity of artificial culture of Heteroclarias fish species informed this study. To this end, the effects of different temperature levels, ranging from 27.00 - 32.00°C, on the survival and growth of the fish species was monitored over a period of 12 weeks, under laboratory conditions; following standard procedures. The results showed that temperature had no significant (P>0.05) effects on total and standard lengths (range = 8.16±0.28cm at 30.000C, to 8.68±0.40cm at 26.91°C; and 7.30±0.23 at 28.00/32.000C to7.63±0.67 at 26.910C, respectively). Body weight (BW), on the other hand, reduced significantly (P<0.05) with increasing water temperature (range = 190.55±31.50g at 26.91°C, to 154.37°C±15.25g at 32.00°C). Likewise, the indices of weight gain namely, Final Body Weight Gain and Percentage Weight Gain reduced significantly with increasing temperature. However, the mortality of the fishes was not significantly different (P>0.05) among the temperature-treatment groups. The findings of this study should aid the fine-tuning of field management protocols of Heterclarias artificial culture for optimum productivity.
Composition and Dynamics of Some Nutrient and Physic-Chemical Parameter in Lower Course of Gwagwalada River in Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria
(American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 2014) Kolo Reuben Jiya; Ojutiku R. O.; Mbanaso C. A.
Aims: Jabi dam, Lower Usuma dam and Gwagwalada river in the Federal Capital Territory were studied for a period of twelve months (January 2007–December 2007) to determine their nutrient composition and dynamics. Methodology: Samples were collected from these water bodies on monthly basis. The concentration of some nutrient parameters such as Phosphate-phosphorus (PO4-P), Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO4-N), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Calcium (Ca), Potassium (K) and Sodium (Na) were assessed. The results obtained were statistically analysed to show any relationship amongst them. Results: The mean values for NO4-N, Ca and K were not significantly different (P>0.05) between the three water bodies. While the mean value for PO4-P were significantly different (P<0.05), with Jabi dam having the highest mean value of 11.61mg/l, followed by Gwagwalada river, 9.96mg/l and Lower Usuma dam had least mean value of 2.46mg/l. Jabi dam, Lower Usuma dam and Gwagwalada river had mean TDS of 95.0mg/l, 88.5mg/l and 104.5mg/l respectively, Gwagwalada river being significantly different (P<0.05) from Jabi and Lower Usuma dams. Similarly, Jabi dam, Lower Usuma dam andGwagwalada river had mean Sodium values of 2.42mg/l, 2.85mg/l and 3.73mg/l respectively, Gwagwalada river being also significantly different (P<0.05) from Jabi and Lower Usuma dams. PO4-P and NO4-N showed no significant (P>0.05) monthly variations in the three water bodies. However, TDS, Ca, K, and Na showed significant (P<0.05) difference in monthly variations in the three water bodies. TDS, Ca, K, and Na had all their wet season mean values higher than their dry season mean values in all the three water bodies studied, while PO4-P and NO4-N had their wet season mean values lower than the dry season mean values in the three water bodies. Conclusion: The study revealed that the nutrient parameters measured were slightly lower than the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended values for aquatic life.
Toxicity and Histopathological Effect of Cypermethrin on Juveniles of Clarias gariepinus
(British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 2014) Kolo Reuben Jiya; Ojutiku R. O.; Asuwaju F. P.; Obande R. A.; Agbelege O. O.
Aim: To study the toxicity and histopathological effects of Cypermethrin on the gill and liver tissues of the Clarias gariepinus. Place of the Study: It was carried out at the toxicology section of the of Water Resources, Aquaculture and Fisheries Technology Department, School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology of the Federal university, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria. Methodology: The fish were exposed to six (6) acute concentrations (0.025mg/l, 0.050mg/l, 0.075mg/l, 0.100mg/l, 0.125mg/l and 0.000mg/l) for 96 hours. The histopathology of the gills and liver were determined and the LC50 was determined. Results: The 96 hours LC50 of the toxicant to the test fish was 0.060mg/L. The most common gill changes at all doses of cypermethrin in solution were destruction of gill lamella, epithelial hyperplasia and epithelial hypertrophy. Hepatic lesions in the liver tissues of fish exposed to Cypermethrin in solution were characterized by degeneration ofhepatocyte, vascuolization of cell cytoplasm, fatty degeneration and hypertrophy of hepatocytes. Histological comparison of tissues indicated that most damage occurred in the gill rather than in the liver. Conclusion: Juveniles of Clarias gariepinus exposed to various concentration of Cypermethrin showed that this synthetic pyrethroid was highly toxic to the Clarias gariepinus fingerlings with lethal concentration (LC50) of 0.060mg/l. Evidences of toxicity manifested significantly in the damages caused to the gills and liver studied. The severity of these damages to some selected organs in the body of the fish is proportional to the concentration of the pesticides.
Effect of Boiling and Frying on the Total Carbohydrate, Vitamin C and Mineral Contents of Irish (Solanun tuberosum) and Sweet (Ipomea batatas) Potato Tubers
(Nigerian Food Journal, 2014) Ikanone Christopher Efe Oritseweyinmi; Oyekan P.O.
In a study aimed at ascertaining whether boiling or frying best conserves nutrients; since the two methods are commonly adapted in Nigeria, the effect of boiling and frying on total carbohydrate, vitamin C and mineral contents of Irish (Solanum tuberosum) and sweet (Ipomea batatas) potato tubers were investigated. The determination of total carbohydrate was carried out using the phenol-sulphuric acid method and the spectrophotometric method was used to determine vitamin C content at 520 nm. The minerals evaluated are iron, zinc, magnesium, sodium, calcium and copper. These were determined by the atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the total carbohydrate content of the boiled and fried sweet and Irish potatoes compared with their raw tubers. There was significant difference (p < 0.05) in the vitamin C content of the boiled and fried potato tubers. Boiling and frying of Irish potato resulted in a loss of 37.34 mg/100 ml (63.90%) and 30.44 mg/100 ml (53.90%) vitamin C respectively. Boiled sweet potato lost 51.16 mg/100 ml (72.37%) and fried lost 43.05 mg/100 ml (60.90%) of vitamin C. The mineral compositions of the boiled and fried Irish and sweet potatoes were significantly different (p < 0.05) from their raw tubers. Boiling retained more iron and copper while frying retained more zinc, magnesium, sodium and calcium in both Irish and sweet potato tubers. Boiling retained more carbohydrate while frying retained more vitamin C and minerals.

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